Research on Specific Avocado Components &
Eating Patterns That Include Avocados

ANTIOXIDANTS

Nagata C, Nakamura K, Wada K, et al. Association of dietary fat, vegetables and antioxidant micronutrients with skin ageing in Japanese women. Brit J Nutr. 2010; 103(10): 1493-8.

Victor VM, Milagros R, Eva S, et al. Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Current Pharm Design. 2009; 15: 2988-3002.

Wray DW, Nishiyama SK, Monnet A, et al. Antioxidants and aging: NMR-based evidence of improved skeletal muscle perfusion and energetics. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009; 297(5): H1870-5.

Krajcovicov´-Kudl´ckov´ M, Valachovicov´ M, Paukov´ V, Dusinsk´ M. Effects of diet and age on oxidative damage products in healthy subjects. Physiol Res. 2008; 57: 647-51.

Puizina N. Skin aging [Review]. Acta Dermatoven APA. 2008; 17: 47-55.

Morganti P, Fabrizi G, and Bruno C. Protective effects of oral antioxidants on skin and eye function. Skinmed. 2004; 3(6): 310-316.

Morganti P, Bruno C, Guarneri F, et al. Role of topical and nutritional supplement to modify the oxidative stress. Inter J Cosmetics Sci. 2002; 24: 331-39.

De Waart FG, Schouten EG, Stalenhoef AF, Kok FJ. Serum carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol and mortality risk in a prospective study among Dutch elderly. Int J Epidemiol. 2001; 30: 136-43.

Ames B. Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. Oxygen radicals and degenerative diseases. Science 1983; 221: 1256-1263.

AVOCADO AND SOYBEAN EXTRACTS

Henrotin Y, Lambert C, Couchourel D, Ripoll C, Chiotelli E. Nutraceuticals: do they represent a new era in the management of osteoarthritis? - a narrative review from the lessons taken with five products. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011; 19(1): 1-21.

Dinubile NA. A potential role for avocado-and soybean-based nutritional supplementation in the management of osteoarthritis: a review. Phys Sportsmen. 2010; 38(2): 71-81.

Cameron M, Gagnier JJ, Little CV, et al. Evidence of effectiveness of herbal medicinal products in the treatment of arthritis. Part I: Osteoarthritis. Phytother Res. 2009; 23: 1497-1515.

Little CV, Parsons T, Logan S. Herbal therapy for treating osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009; 4. Art. No.: CD002947. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002947

Christensen R, Bartels EM, Astrup A, Bliddal H. Symptomatic efficacy of avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in osteoarthritis (OA) patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoarth Cart. 2008; 16: 399-408.

Gabay O, Gosset M, Levy A. Stress-induced signaling pathways in hyalin chondrocytes: inhibition by avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) . Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008; 16(3): 373-384.

Lipiello L, Nardo JV, Harlan R, Chiou T. Metabolic effects of avocado/soy unsaponifiables on articular chondrocytes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008; 5(2): 191-197.

Altinel L, Saritas ZK, Kose KC, et al. Treatment with unsaponifiable extracts of avocado and soybean increases TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 levels in canine joint fluid. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2007; 211: 181-186.

Au RY, Al-Talib TK, Au AY, Phan PV, Frondoza CG. Avocado soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) suppress TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, COX-2, iNOS gene expression, and prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production in articular chondrocytes and monocyte/macrophages. Osteoarth Cart. 2007; 15: 1249-1255.

Henroitin YE, Deberg MA, Crielaard JM, et al. Avocado/ soybean unsaponifiables prevent the inhibitory effect of osteoarthritis subchondral osteoblasts on aggrecan and type II collagen synthesis by chondrocytes. J Rheumatol. 2006; 33(8): 1666-1678.

Angermann P. [Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis] . [German] Ugeskr Laeger 2005; 167: 3023-3025.

Ernst E. Avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) for osteoarthritis - a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2003; 22: 285-288.

Lequesne M, Maheu E, Cadet C, Dreiser RL. Structural effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables on joint space loss in osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 47(1): 50-58.

Appelboom T, Schuermans J, Verbruggen G, Henrotin Y, Reginster JY. Symptoms modifying effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in knee osteoarthritis. A double blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2001; 30: 242-247.

Maheu E, Mazi�res B, Valat JP, et al. Symptomatic efficacy of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial with a six-month treatment period and a two-month follow-up demonstrating a persistent effect. Arthritis Rheum. 1998; 41: 81-91.

Blotman F, Maheu E, Waldwick A, Caspar H, Lopez A. Efficacy and safety of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. A prospective, multicenter, three-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997; 64: 825-834.

CAROTENOIDS

Kiko T, Nakagawa K, Tsuduki T, Arai H, Miyazawa T. Significance of Lutein in Red Blood Cells of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2012; 28(3): 593-600.

Zou Z, Xu X, Huang Y, et al. High serum level of lutein may be protective against early atherosclerosis: The Beijing atherosclerosis study. Atherosclerosis. 2011; 219(2): 789-93.

Koh WP et al. Plasma Carotenoids and risk of acute myocardial infarction in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Nutr Metabl Cardio Dis. 2010. March 12, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.12.2005 [Epub ahead of print]

Carpentier S, Knausi M, Suhi M. Associations between Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009; 49: 313-326.

Hozawa A, Jacobs DR, Steffes MW, Gross MD, Steffen LM, Lee L-H. Circulating carotenoid concentrations and incident hypertension: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. J Hypertens. 2009; 27(2): 237�242.

Karppi J et al. Lycopene, lutein, and beta carotene as determinants of LDL conjugated dienes in serum. Atherosclerosis. 2009; Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]

Johnson JJ, McDonald K, Caldarella SM, et al. Cognitive findings of an exploratory trial of the docosahexaenoic acid and lutein supplementation in older women . Nutr Neurosci. 2008; 11(2): 75-83.

McNulty H, Jacob RF, and Mason RP. Biologic activity of carotenoids related to distinct membrane physiochemical interactions. Am J Cardio. 2008; 101: 20D-29D.

Hozawa A, Jacobs DR, Steffes MW, Gross MD, Steffen LM, and Lee L-H. Relationships of Circulating Carotenoid Concentrations with Several Markers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Endothelial Dysfunction: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA)/Young Adult Longitudinal Trends in Antioxidants (YALTA) Study. Clin Chem. 2007; 53(3): 447-455.

Voutilainen S et al. Carotenoids and cardiovascular health. Am J Clinical Nutr. 2006; 83: 1265-71.

Dwyer JH, Paul-Labrador MJ, Fan J, Shircore AM, Bairey-Merz CN, Dwyer KM. Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plasma Antioxidants: The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 313-319.

Dwyer JH, Navab M, Dwyer KM, et al. Oxygenated Carotenoid Lutein and Progression of Early Atherosclerosis: The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. Circulation. 2001; 103: 2922-2927.

Hough G, Wang X, Bairey-Merz CN, Fogelman AM. Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis: the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study. Circulation. 2001; 103: 2922-2927.

Haegele AD, Gillette C, O�Neill C, Wolfe P, Heimendinger J, Sedlacek S, and Thompson HJ. Plasma Xanthophyll Carotenoids Correlate Inversely with Indices of Oxidative DNA Damage and Lipid Peroxidation. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2000; 9: 421-425.

Roberts RL, Green J, Lewis B. Lutein and zeaxanthin in eye and skin health. Clin Dermatol. 2009; 27: 195-201.

Moeller SM, Voland R, Tinker L, et al. Associations between age-related nuclear cataract and lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum in the carotenoids in age-related eye disease study (CAREDS), an ancillary study of the women's health initiative. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008; 126: 354-364.

Wang W, Connor SL, Johnson EJ, et al. Effect of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on plasma carotenoids and their transport in lipoproteins in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85: 762-769.

Goni I, Serrano J, Saura-Calixto F. Bioaccessibility of B-carotene, lutein and lycopene from fruits and vegetables. J Agric Food Chem. 2006; 54: 5382-5387.

Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC. Lutein and zeaxanthin intakes and risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts: an evaluation using the FDA evidence-based review system for health claims. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84: 971-974.

Wu X, Gu L, Holden J, et al. Development of a database for total antioxidant capacity in foods: a preliminary study. J Food Comp Analysis. 2004; 17: 407-422.

Vinson J, Su X, Zubik L, Bose P. Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in foods: fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2001; 49: 5315-5321.

Jones DP, Coates RF, Flagg EW, et al. Glutathione in foods listed in the National Cancer Institute's health habits and history food frequency questionnaire. Nutr Cancer. 1992; 17: 57-75.

Heinonen M, Ollilainen V, Linkola EK, Varo PT, Koivistoinen PE. Carotenoids in Finnish foods: vegetables, fruits, and berries. J Agric Food Chem. 1989; 37: 655-659.

MONOUNSATURATED FATS

Ortega A, Varela LM, Bermudez B, et al. Dietary fatty acids linking postprandial metabolic response and chronic diseases. Food Funct. 2012; 3: 22-27.

Gillingham LG, Harris-Janz S, Jones PJ. Dietary Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Are Protective Against Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. Lipids. 2011; 46(3): 209-28.

Naqvi AZ, Harty B, Mukamal KJ, et al. Monounsaturated, trans and saturated fatty acids and cognitive decline in women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011; 59(5): 837-843.

Schwingshackl L, Strasser B, Hoffmann G. Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Glycaemic Control in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Ann Nutr Metab. 2011; 58(4): 290-6.

Schwingshackl L, Strasser B, Hoffmann G. Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Nutr Metab. 2011; 59(2-4): 176-86.

Brehm BJ, Lattin BL, Summer SS, et al. One-year comparison of a high mono-unsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 215-220.

Chong EW, Robman LD, Simpson JA, et al. Fat consumption and its association with age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009; 127: 674-680.

Parekh N, Voland RP, Moeller SM, et al. Association between dietary fat intake and age-related macular degeneration in the carotenoids in age-related disease study (CAREDS): an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009; 127: 1483-1493.

Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al. Comparison of weight loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 859-872.

Sloth B, Due A, Larsen TM, et al. The effect of a high-MUFA, low-glycemic index diet and low-fat diet on appetite and glucose metabolism during a 6 month weight maintenance period. Brit J Nutr. 2009; 101: 1846-58.

Due A, Larsen TM, Mu H, et al. Comparison of 3 ad libitum diets for weight-loss maintenance, risk of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a 6 mo randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 88: 1232-1234.

Halton TL, Liu S, Manson JE, Hu FB. Low-carbohydrate diet score and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87: 339-346.

Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 229-241.

Tentolouris N, Arapostathi C, Perrea D, et al. Differential effects of two isoenergetic meals rich in saturated or monounsaturated fat on endothelial function in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diab Care. 2008; 31: 2276-2278.

Berglund L, Lefevre M, Ginsberg HN, et al. Comparison of monounsaturated fat with carbohydrates as a replacement for saturated fat in subjects with high metabolic risk profile: studies in the fasting and postprandial states. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 86: 1611-1620.

Field AE, Willett WC, Lissner L, Colditz GA. Dietary fat and weight gain among women in the Nurses' Health Study. Obesity. 2007; 15(4): 967-976.

Paniagua JA, Gallego de la Sacristana A, Romero I, et al. Monounsaturated fat-rich diet prevents central body fat distribution and decreases postprandial adiponectin expression induced by a carbohydrate-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects. Diab Care. 2007; 30: 1717-1723.

Paniagua JA, Gallego de la Sacristana A, S�nchez E, et al. A MUFA-rich diet improves postprandial glucose, lipid and GLP-1 responses in insulin-resistant subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007; 26: 434-444.

Shah M, Adams-Huet B, and Garg A. Effect of a high-carbohydrate versus a high cis-monounsaturated fat diet on blood pressure: meta analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85: 1251-1256.

Willett WC. The Mediterranean diet: science and practice. Pub Hlth Nutr. 2006; 9(1A): 105-110.

Rasmussen BM, Vessby B, Uusitupa M, et al. Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and n-3 fatty acids on blood pressure in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83: 221-226.

Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, et al. Effect of protein, monounsaturated fat and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids. (Omni Heart study). JAMA. 2005; 294: 2455-2464.

Shah M, Adams-Huet B, Bantle JP, et al. Effect of a high-carbohydrate versus a high cis-monounsaturated fat diet on blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab Care. 2005; 28: 2607-2612.

Gerhard GT, Ahmann A, Meeuws K, et al. Effects of a low-fat diet compared with those of a high-monounsaturated fat diet on body weight, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80: 668-673.

Pelkman CL, Fishell VK, Maddox DH, et al. Effects of moderate-fat (from monounsaturated fat) and low fat weight loss diets on the serum lipid profiles in overweight and obese men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79: 204-12.

Piers LS, Walker KZ, Stoney RM, Soares MJ, O'Dea K. Substitution of saturated with monounsaturated fat in a 4-week diet affects body weight and composition of overweight and obese men. Br J Nutr. 2003; 90(3): 717-27.

Kris-Etherton P, Zhao G, Pelkman CL, Fishell VK, Coval SM. Beneficial effects of a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Nutr Clin Care. 2001; 3: 153-62.

Kris-Etherton P, Pearson TA, Wan Y, et al. High-monounsaturated fatty acids lower both plasma cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70: 1009-1015.

PHYTOESTEROLS

Racette SB, Lin X, Lefevre M, et al. Dose effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism: a controlled feeding study . Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 91: 32-8.

Moghadasian M, Frohlich JJ. Effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis: Clinical and experimental evidence. Am J Med 1999; 107: 588-594.

POTASSIUM

Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Dietary potassium and risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Stroke. 2011; 42(10): 2746-50.

VITAMIN K

Dismore KL, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Peterson JW, Booth SL. Vitamin K content of nuts and fruits in the US diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003; 103(12): 1650-52.